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2.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(supl.3): s303-s311, 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-625710

ABSTRACT

Describir un plan maestro para el desarrollo de planes nacionales para prevenir la desnutrición materno-infantil en Mesoamérica en un plazo de cinco años. Para ello se elaboró un análisis sobre los principales problemas, políticas y programas de nutrición en Mesoamérica. A partir del análisis y de la revisión de la literatura sobre las mejores prácticas en el combate a la desnutrición, el Grupo Técnico de Nutrición desarrolló, discutió y validó el plan durante varias reuniones presenciales. Se desarrolló la teoría de cambio que identifica los problemas y barreras, las acciones propuestas, los cambios e impactos esperados. Se propone la implementación de paquetes de intervenciones para reducir la desnutrición y deficiencia de micronutrientes de utilidad para diversos contextos epidemiológicos. El plan maestro de nutrición constituye un insumo que puede facilitar la elaboración de propuestas de programas y políticas dirigidos a reducir la desnutrición y promover la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencia.


To describe the regional master plan of nutrition to address maternal and child malnutrition in a 5- year period developed by the Nutrition Technical Group. The Nutrition Technical Group developed a situation analysis describing the main nutrition problems, policies and programs in Mesoamerica. The situation analysis and a literature review about effective interventions to address malnutrition were conducted to develop a nutrition master plan. The Nutrition Technical Group held various meetings to develop, discuss and validate the master plan. Theory of change identified problems and barriers, the actions to be developed, the changes and impacts expected. A package of interventions is proposed to reduce undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies useful under different epidemiological contexts. The nutrition master plan provides a guideline of best practices that can be used for evidence-informed decision making and the development of national policies and programs to reduce malnutrition.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Child Welfare , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Malnutrition/prevention & control , Maternal Welfare , Pregnancy Complications/prevention & control , Public Health , Central America/epidemiology , Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology , Developing Countries , Dietary Supplements , Food, Fortified , Health Policy , Infant Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology , International Cooperation , Malnutrition/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiology , Micronutrients , Nutritional Requirements , Nutritional Support , Policy Making , Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology
3.
Rev. GASTROHNUP ; 12(1): S14-S19, ene.15 2010. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-645076

ABSTRACT

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda la alimentación exclusiva al seno, durante al menos los primeros 6 meses de vida del niño, y continuar el amamantamiento junto con las comidas complementarias adecuadas hasta los 2 años de edad; muchos niños verán interrumpida la alimentación al seno en las primeras semanas o meses de vida. Durante décadas pasadas y aún en la actualidad, profesionales mal informados, han advertido a la madre del peligro de desnutrición derivado de la alimentación con leche materna, lo cual ha conducido, a un patrón de crecimiento "ideal", propiciado por la sobrealimentación con sucedáneos de la leche materna. Se plantean dos problemas en la relactación: 1) La decisión de no amamantar y 2) El abandono o destete precoz de la lactancia materna. Cuando las madres reciben un buen apoyo para amamantar, rara vez debería ser necesaria la relactación. Si esta necesidad ocurre frecuentemente, indica que el apoyo a la lactancia materna debe mejorarse. Es posible identificar los factores asociados al éxito o fracaso de la lactancia, así como las acciones que presentan mayor efectividad, acciones específicas realizadas en unidades de atención primaria pueden lograr el inicio y prolongar la duración de la lactancia materna.


The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breast-feeding for at least the first 6 months of a child's life and continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods until 2 years of age, many children will be interrupted breast feeding in the first weeks or months of life. During past decades and even today, professional misinformed mother warned of the danger of malnutrition resulting from breast-feeding, which has led to a growth pattern "ideal", led by overeating substitutes breast milk. There are two problems in relactation: 1) The decision not to breastfeed and 2) The abandonment or early weaning of breastfeeding. When mothers receive good support for breastfeeding should rarely be necessary relactation. If this necessity occurs often indicates that support for breastfeeding should be improved. It is possible to identify the factors associated with success or failure of breastfeeding, as well as the actions that have greater effectiveness, specific measures undertaken in primary care units can achieve the onset and prolong the duration of breastfeeding.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Breast Feeding/methods , Breast Feeding/trends , Milk, Human , Infant Nutrition Disorders/classification , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Breast Feeding/economics , World Health Organization/organization & administration , Weaning
5.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 89(4): 219-224, out. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-466697

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: As crianças com cardiopatia congênita geralmente são desnutridas e apresentam algum grau de comprometimento funcional e/ou estrutural dos orgãos. Existe, ainda, uma deficiência na ingestão de nutrientes, corroborada pelo controle hídrico, que limita o aporte nutricional de alguns cardiopatas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo alimentar de crianças com cardiopatia congênita internadas na Unidade de Pediatria Cardiológica de hospital-escola público. MÉTODOS: O consumo de alimentos e nutrientes foi calculado pelo consumo alimentar de três dias (método direto de pesagem) e o cálculo das calorias e nutrientes foi feito pelo software Virtual Nutri. RESULTADOS: O consumo de calorias/kg peso, de proteínas diárias, de sódio e de vitamina A esteve dentro do recomendado (p < 0,05). Todavia, as calorias diárias, os lipídios, as fibras, o potássio e o ferro estiveram abaixo do recomendado (p < 0,05) e, as proteínas/kg peso, os carboidratos, o cálcio e a vitamina C estiveram acima do recomendado (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Crianças com cardiopatia congênita têm dietas inadequadas e, portanto, necessitam de orientação nutricional para haver ingestão dietética adequada e conseqüente melhora do crescimento e do desenvolvimento pondo-estatural, garantindo melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.


BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease are usually malnourished and present some degree of functional and/or structural impairment of organs. There is also deficiency in nutrient intake, due to the control of fluids required by some patients which restrains the nutrient intake of some cardiac children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the food intake of children with congenital heart disease hospitalized in the pediatric heart unit of a "Public Teaching Hospital". METHODS: The intake of food and nutrients was calculated based on the food consumed during three days (direct weighting method) and the calories and nutrients were calculated using the Virtual Nutri software. RESULTS: The intake of calories per kilogram of body weight, of daily proteins, sodium and vitamin A was within the recommended levels (p < 0.05). However, the intake of daily calories, fats, fiber, potassium and iron was below the recommended levels (p < 0.05) and the intake of proteins per kilogram, carbohydrates, calcium and vitamin C was above the recommended levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Children with congenital cardiopathy have inadequate diets, and therefore, need nutritional guidance to foster adequate dietary intake and the resulting improvement in growth and weight and height development, guaranteeing better quality of life to the patients.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Energy Intake , Eating/physiology , Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Diet/standards , Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Food Analysis/methods , Growth Disorders/etiology , Heart Defects, Congenital/complications , Minerals/administration & dosage , Nutrition Assessment , Nutrition Policy , Nutritional Requirements , Reference Values , Vitamins/administration & dosage
6.
Salud pública Méx ; 48(6): 490-497, nov.-dic. 2006.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-440943

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar y comparar, en términos de estructura, creencias y comportamiento en torno a la alimentación, la dinámica doméstica de hogares de niños y niñas menores de cinco años con y sin desnutrición. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo con un diseño etnográfico basado en observación participante y entrevistas a profundidad a responsables del cuidado de menores e informantes clave bajo consentimiento informado verbal. El foco de observación fue el conjunto de prácticas relacionadas con el cuidado de los menores, con énfasis en las relacionadas con su alimentación, tanto al interior de los hogares como en la comunidad. Se realizaron dos estancias de campo, durante 2001, en tres comunidades rurales del Río Balsas, en el estado de Guerrero, México. RESULTADOS: Estructuras monoparentales, en etapa temprana del ciclo doméstico, generan condiciones que pueden propiciar la presencia de desnutrición de menores de cinco años. Las familias extensas representan, por su propia estructura, dinámicas domésticas más favorables. CONCLUSIONES: El problema de la desnutrición en ambientes de extrema pobreza resulta decisivamente influido por las estrategias nutricionales y las dinámicas sociales generadas en el interior de las familias.


OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare household dynamics in terms of structure, beliefs and nutrition-related behavior in the homes of malnourished and well-nourished children less than five years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors carried out a qualitative ethnographic study using participant observation, and in depth interviews. Interviews were conducted with the child's caretaker or key informants, prior oral informed consent. Child care and childhood feeding practices at home and in the community were the focus of observations. The study included two periods of field work conducted in 2001, in three rural municipalities from the Río Balsas region, in Guerrero state, Mexico. The study's ethical and methodological aspects were approved by the National Research Commission of the Mexican Institute of Social Security. RESULTS: Households were differentially characterized by number of members, composition, type of relationship, source of income, and interactions among household members and with the community. CONCLUSION: Monoparental structures, in an early stage of the household cycle, give rise to conditions that render the child prone to malnutrition. Extended family structure represented more favorable household dynamics.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Family Characteristics , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Nutritional Status , Interviews as Topic , Mexico , Poverty , Rural Population , Starvation/prevention & control
7.
Indian J Public Health ; 2005 Oct-Dec; 49(4): 207-13
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-110067

ABSTRACT

There are 11.1 million children in the age group 0-6 years in West Bengal. Of these, every second child under 3 years of age is underweight, more than four out of ten are stunted, and one out of eight are wasted. The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme in West Bengal has 355 operational projects covering 53,064 operational anganwadi centers reaching out to more than four million beneficiaries--approximately half of whom are children in the age group 0-3 years. The Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD) is trying to identify and replicate innovative, community-based, sustainable approaches. One such innovative initiative has been the "Keno Parbo Na" project based on the Positive Deviance (PD) approach which aims to reduce and prevent malnutrition among children under 3 years of age by focusing on local solutions and resources, local behaviors and practices. Behavior change is emphasized through participatory learning and community mobilization. The pilot phase of the project has been completed in two districts [Four blocks (2 in each District) and 32 villages/AWCs (8 in each block)] of West Bengal (Murshidabad and South 24 Parganas). The analysis of the project activities so far reveals that the issue of malnutrition and its prevention is now visible in the villages covered. Acceptance of desirable behavioral practices is observed within the community. A steady reduction in the moderate and severe level of malnutrition was noted across four districts. A general preponderance of girl children was noted at the entry stage indicating higher levels of severe and moderate malnutrition among girl children to begin with but also suggesting PD as an important strategy in reducing the gender gap in malnutrition. The boys gain in terms of nutritional status faster than the girls so in the intermediate phase malnourished girls are more in number. However, by the sixth / ninth round, as the malnutrition levels decline substantially, the gender gap tends to close.


Subject(s)
Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Child Health Services/organization & administration , Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Child, Preschool , Community Participation/methods , Female , Health Behavior , Health Education/organization & administration , Health Policy , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Infant, Newborn , Male , Mothers/statistics & numerical data , Nutrition Surveys , Public Health Practice , Sex Factors
8.
Indian Pediatr ; 2005 May; 42(5): 425-32
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-9993

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a nutrition education intervention designed to improve infant growth and feeding practices. DESIGN: An intervention study using monthly nutrition education delivered by locally trained counsellors targeted at caregivers of infants aged 5-11 months. Comparison of outcomes for 2 groups--one non-intervention group of infants enrolled in 1997 that did not receive the intervention in the first year of life, and an intervention group of infants enrolled 1998-1999 that received the nutrition education. SETTING: 11 randomly selected and 2 purposively selected villages of south Karnataka. SUBJECTS: 138 Infants (n = 69 intervention) aged 5-11 months. METHODS: Families were administered a monthly questionnaire on feeding and child care behavior, and study infants were weighed at this time, using the SECA solar scales, developed for UNICEF. Logistic regression was used to examine differences between intervention and non-intervention infants in infant feeding behavior outcomes. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvement was found in weight velocity for female infants in the intervention group. These infants were also more likely to exhibit at least four positive feeding behaviors--intervention infants had a higher mean daily feeding frequency (more likely to be fed solids at least four times a day (OR = 4.35, 95% CI = 1.96, 10.00), higher dietary diversity (more likely to receive a more diverse diet OR = 3.23, 95% CI = 1.28, 7.69), and were more likely to be fed foods suggested by the counsellors such as bananas (OR = 10.00, 95% = 2.78, 33.3) compared to non-intervention infants. CONCLUSION: Nutrition education and counselling was significantly associated with increased weight velocity among girls and improved feeding behavior among both boys and girls. These results provide further evidence that community-based nutrition programs that emphasise appropriate feeding and care behavior can be used to prevent and address early childhood malnutrition in poor households.


Subject(s)
Adult , Body Weight , Female , Health Education , Humans , India , Infant , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Intervention Studies , Logistic Models , Male , Mothers , Rural Health Services , Sex Distribution
11.
Bol. Acad. Nac. Med. B.Aires ; 78(1): 171-82, ene.-jun. 2000. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-274137

ABSTRACT

Convencidos que de nada sirve alimentar a un niño si lo devolvemos al ambiente de miseria extrema del que proviene, se crea entonces el Primer Centro Multidisciplinario de Prevención de la Desnutrición Infantil "María Alejandrina Rosa de Arenas", único en su género. Allí, a través de distintos programas, se abordan las principales causas que dan origen a la desnutrición, entre ellos podemos mencionar: Estimulación de la Lactancia Materna, Asistencia Alimentaria Complementaria, Educación Nutricional, Educación para la salud, Ropero Familiar, Alfabetización para Adultos, Jardín Maternal e Infantil, Estimulación Temprana, Talleres de Artes y Oficios para padres, Minoridad y Familia, Documentación y Legalización de la Familia, Planificación Familiar Natural y Escuela de Capacitación Agraria. Otros Centros de similares características funcionan en el Departamento de Rivadavia, Mendoza y en la República de Paraguay (fundado en 1995 desde Mendoza). Simultáneamente se fueron dando los primeros pasos para concretar la construcción del Primer Centro de Recuperación de Lactantes Desnutridos de la República Argentina. Otro pilar fundamental en la lucha contra la desnutrición es la investigación, por ello CONIN ha creado el "Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sociales Prof. Dr. José Luis Minoprio".


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Breast Feeding , Infant Mortality , Infant Nutrition Disorders/complications , Infant Nutrition Disorders/etiology , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Nutrition Rehabilitation , Argentina , Foundations , Foundations/standards , Infant Nutrition Disorders/therapy , Paraguay , Preventive Medicine
13.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 1997. 40 p. mapas, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-217755

ABSTRACT

Realizou-se um estudo no Centro de Saúde Ventosa com o objetivo de se avaliar, pela primeira vez, o Programa de Prevençäo e Combate à Desnutriçäo implantado desde 1994, por definiçäo da S.M.S.A. O estudo incluiu 76 crianças de 0 a 5 anos inscritas no Programa no período de 1996 a abril de 1997. Tentou-se identificar algumas variáveis que pudessem influenciar no estado nutricional da criança, bem como identificar as principais intercorrências clínicas nas crianças acompanhadas. Foi observado que o Programa de Prevençäo e Combate à Desnutriçäo teve pouco impacto no grupo estudado e que a falta de dados nos prontuários das crianças acompanhadas foi um fator limitante para análises mais conclusivas da situaçäo nutricional das crianças avaliadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Program Evaluation , Health Centers , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Retrospective Studies
16.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 65(5): 285-90, sept.-oct. 1994. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-143957

ABSTRACT

Se analizó el efecto de la modificación del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementaria que mejoró la calidad y cantidad de los productos entregados en niños de 12 a 23 meses a partir de 1991. Se compararon población bajo control, retiro de productos, prevalencia de desnutrición y kilos distribuidos según subprograma en todo el país, durante 5 meses de los años 1990 y 1991 y los cambios ocurridos en niños de esas edades con respecto a los de edades para las que el programa no fue modificado. En 1991 aumentó la población bajo control (2,3 por ciento) y la que retiraba alimentos del programa básico (9,6 por ciento), especialmente en niños de 12 a 23 meses (54 por ciento). La prevalencia de desnutrición por peso/edad (Sempé), peso/talla (NCHS/OMS) y roesgo a desnutrir disminuyó en 7,8, 2,7 y 4,2 por ciento respectivamente. La mejoría se observó en todos los grupos, siendo mas positiva la tendencia en los menores de 6 meses y menor la reducción de 12 a 23 meses. Se concluye que hubo mayor adhesión al programa, pero escaso efecto nutricional. Considerando la magnitud de los recursos invertidos debieran estudiarse alternativas de focalización que mejoren la efectividad de esta intervención nutricional


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Nutrition Programs and Policies , Nutritional Status , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Infant Nutrition , Nutrition Assessment
19.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 20(1): 51-7, abr. 1992. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-119826

ABSTRACT

Con el fin de establecer una relación entre el estado nutricional de la población infantil beneficiaria del PNAC, modificado a partir de enero de 1991, se formuló un estudio usando los datos de los niños controlados durante el primer semestre de 1990 y 1991 en los consultorios de Atención Primaria del Servicio de Salud Sur. Los datos utilizados son: número de niños por grupos de edad controlados (0-5m., 6-11m., 12-23m., 2-5a.) y el promedio semestral de las tasas nutricionales (desnutrición y riesgo de desnutrir). El análisis estadístico fue hecho con "t de Student" p<0,05. Los resultados indican que la relación P/E muestra una significativa disminución en el grupo de 2 a 5 años y el riesgo de desnutrir cae significativamente en ambos grupos; 12-23 meses y 2-5 años. También se demuestra un incremento real en el número de niños beneficiarios del programa entre 1990 y 1991. Se concluye que las modificaciones del PNAC tienen un real impacto en la mejoría de los indicadores nutricionales cuando se incrementa el número de niños beneficiarios, sin embargo se requiere de un estudio de mayor tiempo para confirmar estos resultados


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Nutrition Programs , Nutritional Status , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Infant Nutrition
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